Enhanced-Reliability Printed Circuit Board for Tight-Pitch Components

ABSTRACT

A printed circuit board is fabricated so contacts for tight-pitch components are at an angle with respect to the bundles of glass fibers in the epoxy-glass printed circuit board such that adjacent component contacts do not contact the same bundle of glass fibers. This angle may be accomplished by manufacturing a printed circuit board panel with the glass fibers at an angle with respect to its edges. This angle may also be accomplished by placing parts on a printed circuit board panel that has a traditional X-Y orthogonal weave of glass fiber bundles at an angle with respect to the edges of the panel. This angle may also be accomplished by starting with a traditional panel that has an X-Y orthogonal weave, laying out parts on the panel along the X-Y weave, then placing components on the parts at an angle with respect to the edges of the parts.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

This disclosure generally relates to circuit boards, and morespecifically relates to printed circuit boards for tight-pitchcomponents.

2. Background Art

Printed circuit boards are commonly constructed of glass clothimpregnated with various epoxy resins. The glass cloth is typicallyconstructed of bundles of glass fibers woven together in an X-Yorthogonal fashion, with the bundles being perpendicular to each other.The epoxy/glass substrate is laminated to copper foil, forming “cores”which are subsequently etched to form the desired features. These coresare then laminated together using partially cured epoxy/glass layerswith temperature and pressure, causing the resin to flow between layersto form a robust composite structure.

One mechanism that may impact reliability in traditional epoxy/glassprinted circuit boards is known as Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF)growth. CAF growth results when a pathway exists along or within theindividual glass fibers within the printed circuit board where aconductive path may form. In essence, a conductive filament of coppersalts may grow along one or more of the glass fibers when there is bothvoltage and moisture present, such as when equipment operates in a highhumidity environment. The conductive filament may eventually grow to alength sufficient to short together two features that should not beconnected, such as adjacent plated-through holes in the printed circuitboard, causing the printed circuit board to fail. CAF growth has beenattributed to one or more of several possible scenarios, including: 1)hollow glass fibers as a result of bubbles in the liquid glass duringthe extrusion process that forms the glass fibers; 2) insufficientbinding of the resin to the glass fibers, which may occur when the resinis initially bound to the glass fibers, or may occur only after exposureto thermal cycles, such as those that occur during normal systemoperation; 3) insufficient impregnation of the resin into the bundles ofglass fibers, leaving small open tracks where multiple glass fibers meet(sometimes called a “triple point”). Note that CAF growth iswell-understood in the art, and its underlying mechanisms therefore arenot discussed further here.

CAF growth has been documented and understood for some time, but in thepast CAF growth has not been a significant reliability concern forprinted circuit boards because the time required for a conductivefilament to grow between features on a printed circuit board typicallyhas been greater than the life expectancy of the system in which theprinted circuit board is located. However, the spacing betweenconductive leads or contacts on electronic components (referred to inthe art as “pitch”) continues to shrink. As a result, the time it takesfor a CAF growth to bridge two features on a printed circuit boardshrinks correspondingly. With the advent of sub-1 mm and lower pitchcomponents, the CAF growth has now been shown to occur within the timeframe of system life expectations. As a result, CAF growth becomes areliability concern for printed circuit boards with tight-pitchcomponents. One possible way to diminish the possibility of CAF growthis to address the three causes enumerated above during the manufactureof the epoxy/glass printed circuit board. However, these causes of CAFgrowth are not easily eliminated. Without a way to provide a printedcircuit board that has enhanced resistance to failure caused by CAFgrowth, the electronics industry will be plagued by failures in printedcircuit boards that have tight-pitch components due to CAF growth.

BRIEF SUMMARY

A printed circuit board is fabricated such that component contacts fortight-pitch components are at an angle with respect to the bundles ofglass fibers in the epoxy-glass printed circuit board such that adjacentcomponent contacts do not contact the same bundle of glass fibers. Thisangle may be accomplished by manufacturing a printed circuit board panelwith the glass fibers at an angle with respect to its edges. Parts andcomponents are then laid out on the panel in an X-Y orientation withrespect to the panel's edges. In the alternative, this angle may beaccomplished by placing parts on a printed circuit board panel at anangle with respect to the edges of the panel that has a traditional X-Yorthogonal weave of glass fiber bundles. Components are then laid out onthe parts in an X-Y orientation with respect to the part's edges. Thisangle may also be accomplished by starting with a traditional panel thathas an X-Y orthogonal weave of glass fiber bundles, laying out parts onthe panel along the X-Y weave, then placing components on the parts atan angle with respect to the edges of the parts. By creating an anglebetween features in a printed circuit board and the underlying weave ofglass fiber bundles, the paths between features in the printed circuitboard that contact the same bundle of glass fibers is lengthened,thereby minimizing the reliability impact of CAF growth on epoxy/glassprinted circuit boards.

The foregoing and other features and advantages will be apparent fromthe following more particular description, as illustrated in theaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

The disclosure will be described in conjunction with the appendeddrawings, where like designations denote like elements, and:

FIG. 1 is a known method for manufacturing panels, laying out parts, andlaying out components on printed circuit board panels;

FIG. 2 is a simplified example showing a panel, parts, and componentsthat are all laid out in the same X-Y orientation as the underlyingorthogonal weave of the glass fiber bundles in the printed circuitboard;

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a potential path for CAF growth betweenplated-through holes in a known printed circuit board;

FIG. 4 is a diagram that shows how the length of a path for CAF growthcan be lengthened by placing a component at an angle with respect to theunderlying X-Y orientation of the glass fiber bundles in the printedcircuit board;

FIG. 5 is a diagram that illustrates that the length of the path for CAFgrowth can be lengthened even more by providing a different angle forthe component plated-through holes with respect to the underlying X-Yorientation of the glass fiber bundles in the printed circuit board;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a method for laying out components on aprinted circuit board at an angle with respect to the X-Y orientation ofthe glass fiber bundles in the printed circuit board;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of one specific way of laying out components ona printed circuit board at an angle with respect to the X-Y orientationof the glass fiber bundles in the printed circuit board by placing thecomponents at an angle with respect to the X-Y orientation of parts on apanel;

FIG. 8 is a diagram that illustrates a possible result of method 610A inFIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of one specific way of laying out components ona printed circuit board at an angle with respect to the X-Y orientationof the glass fiber bundles in the printed circuit board by laying outparts on a panel at an angle with respect to the X-Y orientation of thepanel;

FIG. 10 is a diagram that illustrates a possible result of method 610Bin FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of one specific way of laying out componentson a printed circuit board at an angle with respect to the X-Yorientation of the glass fiber bundles in the printed circuit board bymanufacturing a panel that has glass fiber bundles at an angle withrespect to its edges, then laying out parts and components on the panelin alignment with the edges of the panel;

FIG. 12 is a diagram that illustrates a possible result of method 610Cin FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing angled paths that result in adjacentfeatures in a printed circuit board not being connected to the samebundle of glass fibers when the adjacent features are arranged in anorthogonal array as shown;

FIG. 14 is a diagram showing angled paths that result in adjacentfeatures in a printed circuit board not being connected to the samebundle of glass fibers when the adjacent features are arranged in aninterstitial array as shown;

FIG. 15 is a diagram showing angles for a path in an orthogonal arraysuch as that shown in FIG. 13; and

FIG. 16 shows formulas for calculating the angles for the path shown inFIG. 15.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A printed circuit board is fabricated such that a plurality of componentcontacts on the printed circuit board are disposed at an angle withrespect to the X-Y array of glass fiber bundles in the substrate of theprinted circuit board so that adjacent component contacts will notcontact the same glass fiber bundle. The result is that paths betweencomponent contacts along the same glass fiber bundle are longer than thecomponent pitch, thereby minimizing the likelihood of Conductive AnodicFilament (CAF) growth causing a failure in the printed circuit board.Note that the term X-Y orientation is used herein as shorthand to bringto mind the X and Y axes of a Cartesian graph, where the X axis ishorizontal and the Y axis is vertical.

Referring to FIG. 1, a prior art method 100 for fabricating a printedcircuit board begins by manufacturing a circuit board panel with glassfiber bundles in an orthogonal X-Y matrix (step 110). The components arethen laid out on the parts in the same X-Y orientation (step 120). Oneor more parts are then laid out on the panel in the same X-Y orientation(step 130). This means that the parts have edges that are parallel toand perpendicular to the edges of the panel. The result is a panel withparts and components that all align with the X-Y orientation of theglass fiber bundles in the underlying panel, as shown by sample panel200 in FIG. 2, which is shown with eight identical parts with edgesparallel and perpendicular to the panel edges, where each part has acomponent C1 that has contacts that are also aligned parallel andperpendicular to the part edges.

Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) growth is a known failure mechanism forprinted circuit boards. Copper salts may form along a bundle of glassfibers in the presence of voltage and moisture, and may eventually forma conductive bridge between component contacts that causes a failure ofthe printed circuit board assembly. The term “pitch” herein refers tospacing between component contacts. As the pitch continues to shrink,the length of the path between adjacent component contacts is reduced,thereby reducing the time required for a conductive bridge to formbetween component contacts that contact the same glass fiber bundle inthe printed circuit board. With component pitches of 1.0 mm or less, thetime required for a conductive bridge to form between adjacent componentcontacts via CAF growth may be less than the anticipated life of theelectronic assembly, which can result in premature failure of theelectronic assembly.

FIG. 3 shows some component contacts in the form of plated-through holesin a substrate that includes a woven matrix of glass fiber bundles in anX-Y arrangement as shown. Because adjacent component contacts arealigned on the same glass fiber bundle, the path along a glass fiberbundle where CAF growth may occur is governed by the pitch of thecomponent contacts. Thus, in FIG. 3, the distance m between platedthrough holes is the distance where CAF growth can cause a failure inthe printed circuit board assembly.

An enhanced-reliability circuit board may be fabricated by aligningcomponent contacts so that adjacent component contacts do not contactthe same glass fiber bundle in the printed circuit board, as shown inFIGS. 4 and 5. The angle shown in FIG. 4 results in a distance n that islarger than distance m in FIG. 3 for the same pitch components. In fact,the path shown in FIG. 4 is approximately 40% longer than the path shownin FIG. 3. By simply placing the component contacts at an angle withrespect to the orthogonal X-Y matrix of glass fiber bundles in theprinted circuit board substrate, the likelihood of CAF growth causing afailure is reduced.

Adjusting the angle of the component contacts with respect to the X-Ymatrix of glass fiber bundles may further increase the distance betweencomponent contacts that contact the same glass fiber bundle, as shown inFIG. 5. The distance o along a glass fiber bundle is greater thandistance n in FIG. 4 and greater than distance m in FIG. 3. In thebroadest and strictest sense of the term “angle”, zero degrees andninety degrees are angles. However, the angle herein that results inadjacent component contacts not contacting the same glass fiber bundleare non-zero and non-ninety degree angles.

Referring to FIG. 6, a method 600 includes the step of laying outcomponents on parts at an angle with respect to the X-Y orientation ofthe glass fiber bundles in the printed circuit board so adjacentcomponent contacts do not contact the same bundle of glass fibers (step610). Step 610 may be accomplished in a number of different ways. Threeof those ways are shown in FIGS. 7, 9 and 11, with the resultingstructures shown in FIGS. 8, 10 and 12, respectively. Referring to FIG.7, a first method 610A for performing step 610 in FIG. 6 begins bymanufacturing a circuit board panel with the glass fiber bundles in atraditional X-Y matrix (step 710). The components on the individualparts are then laid out at an angle with respect to the X-Y orientationof the parts so adjacent component contacts do not make contact with thesame bundle of glass fibers in the underlying substrate of the part andpanel (step 720). Parts are then laid out on the panel in X-Yorientation (step 730). Note that all of the components need not be laidout at an angle. Tight-pitch components could be laid out at an anglewhile other components are laid out in X-Y orientation. The disclosureand claims herein express extend to laying out one or more components atan angle so that adjacent component contacts do not contact the samebundle of glass fibers. The result is shown graphically in FIG. 8, wherethe panel and parts are fabricated and laid out in X-Y orientation, thesame as in the prior art shown in FIG. 2, but where one or more of thecomponents on the parts are laid out at an angle with respect to theedges of the parts and the edges of the panel.

Another method 610B for performing step 610 in FIG. 6 is shown in FIG.9. A circuit board panel is manufactured with glass fiber bundles in anX-Y matrix (step 710). The components are then laid out on the parts inan X-Y orientation with respect to the part edges (step 920). The partsare then laid out at an angle with respect to the X-Y orientation of thepanel such that component contacts that are laid out in the followingstep do not contact the same bundle of glass fibers in the underlyingsubstrate of the part and panel (step 930). This configuration is shownin FIG. 10. By placing the parts at an angle and placing the componentsin an X-Y arrangement with respect to the edges of the parts, thedesired angle is achieved that assures that adjacent component contactsdo not contact the same bundle of glass fibers in the underlyingsubstrate of the part and panel.

Another method 610C for performing step 610 in FIG. 6 is shown in FIG.11. A circuit board panel is manufactured with glass fiber bundles at anangle with respect to the edges of the panel so adjacent componentcontacts laid out in step 1130 do not contact the same bundle of glassfibers (step 1110). The components are then laid out on the parts in anX-Y orientation with respect to the edges of the parts (step 1120). Theparts are then laid out in an X-Y orientation with respect to the edgesof the panel (step 1130). This configuration is shown in FIG. 12. Oneway method 610C could be achieved is shown in FIG. 12, where a panel1200 is cut from a large panel 1210 that has the glass fiber bundles ina traditional orthogonal X-Y matrix. Cutting the panel 1200 at an anglewith respect to the X-Y panel 1210 results in a panel that has angledbundles of glass fibers to start with. As a result, the manufacturingprocess for laying out parts and components in method 610C of FIG. 11will be identical to the prior art method that results in the layoutshown in FIG. 2. The panel, parts and components in panel 1200 in FIG.12 are all shown at an angle to simply represent that the edges of panel1200 are at an angle with respect to the orthogonal X-Y array of glassfiber bundles in the larger panel 1210. Once panel 1200 is cut at anangle as shown in FIG. 12, the part and component layouts can beperformed as in the prior art.

FIG. 13 shows graphically paths that avoid contacts between adjacentcomponent contacts in an orthogonal array of component contacts. FIG. 14shows graphically paths that avoid contacts between adjacent componentcontacts in an interstitial array of component contacts. In both cases,the angle is preferably selected so that no bundle of glass fibers willcontact two adjacent component contacts.

The angle may be calculated as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. Referring toFIG. 15, we assume plated-through holes of diameter D are used, with ahorizontal distance Ph between plated-through holes and a verticaldistance Pv between plated-through holes. As shown by the linesextending from plated-through hole J in FIG. 15, the angles of theselines define angles which will assure that adjacent component contactsdo not contact the same glass fiber bundle. The angle A shown in FIG. 15is computed as shown in FIG. 16 to be the arcsine of the diameter D ofthe plated through hole divided by the vertical distance Pv between thecenters of the plated through holes. The angle B shown in FIG. 15 iscomputed as shown in FIG. 16. The result is two angles that define anupper and lower bound for the angle at which component contacts areplaced with respect to the orthogonal X-Y matrix of underlying glassfiber bundles in the printed circuit board substrate. The distancebetween component contacts along a glass fiber bundle will be maximizedby selecting an angle that lies between angles A and B shown in FIG. 15as computed in FIG. 16.

A printed circuit board provides enhanced reliability for tight-pitchcomponents by assuring that adjacent component contacts do not contactthe same glass fiber bundle in the underlying epoxy/glass substrate ofthe printed circuit board. By making sure that adjacent componentcontacts do not contact the same glass fiber bundle, the distancebetween component contacts along a glass fiber bundle is increased,thereby reducing the likelihood of failure due to CAF growth along theglass fiber bundle.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations are possiblewithin the scope of the claims. Thus, while the disclosure isparticularly shown and described above, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that these and other changes in form and details maybe made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of theclaims. For example, while the discussion above refers to sub-1 mm pitchcomponents, the printed circuit board and methods herein may be used oncomponents of any pitch.

1. A printed circuit board comprising: a substrate comprising aplurality of glass fiber bundles woven together to form an X-Y matrix ofglass fiber bundles; and a plurality of component contacts in thesubstrate disposed at an angle with respect to the X-Y matrix of glassfiber bundles such that adjacent component contacts do not contact thesame glass fiber bundle in the X-Y matrix.
 2. The printed circuit boardof claim 1 wherein the angle is achieved by providing a substrate withedges that are parallel with and perpendicular to the glass fiberbundles in the X-Y matrix and laying out the plurality of componentcontacts at non-zero and non-ninety degree angles with respect to theedges of the substrate.
 3. The printed circuit board of claim 1 whereinthe angle is achieved by providing a substrate with edges that aredisposed at non-zero and non-ninety degree angles with respect to theX-Y matrix of glass fiber bundles and laying out the plurality ofcomponent contacts parallel and perpendicular to the edges.
 4. Theprinted circuit board of claim 1 wherein the angle is computed asArc Sin(D/Pv) where D is the diameter of one of the component contacts;and Pv is vertical distance between adjacent component contacts.
 5. Theprinted circuit board of claim 1 wherein the angle is computed asArc Cos(D/Sqrt(Pv²+Ph²))+Arc Tan(Pv/Ph)−90° where D is the diameter ofone of the component contacts; Pv is vertical distance between adjacentcomponent contacts; and Ph is the horizontal distance between adjacentcomponent contacts.
 6. The printed circuit board of claim 1 wherein theangle is selected to lie between the following two computed angles:Arc Sin(D/Pv); andArc Cos(D/Sqrt(Pv²+Ph²))+Arc Tan(Pv/Ph)−90° where D is the diameter ofone of the component contacts; Pv is vertical distance between adjacentcomponent contacts; and Ph is the horizontal distance between adjacentcomponent contacts.
 7. A method for fabricating a printed circuit board,the method comprising the steps of: (A) fabricating a substratecomprising a plurality of glass fiber bundles woven together to form anX-Y matrix of glass fiber bundles; and (B) fabricating a plurality ofcomponent contacts in the substrate disposed at an angle with respect tothe X-Y matrix of glass fiber bundles such that adjacent componentcontacts do not contact the same glass fiber bundle in the X-Y matrix.8. The method of claim 7 wherein the angle is achieved by fabricatingthe substrate in step (A) with edges that are parallel with andperpendicular to the glass fiber bundles in the X-Y matrix, wherein step(B) comprises the step of fabricating the plurality of componentcontacts at non-zero and non-ninety degree angles with respect to theedges of the substrate.
 9. The method of claim 7 wherein the angle isachieved by providing a substrate in step (A) with edges that aredisposed at non-zero and non-ninety degree angles with respect to theX-Y matrix of glass fiber bundles and laying out the plurality ofcomponent contacts parallel and perpendicular to the edges.
 10. Themethod of claim 9 wherein the substrate in step (A) with edges that aredisposed at non-zero and non-ninety degree angles with respect to theX-Y matrix of glass fiber bundles is fabricated by performing the stepsof: fabricating a panel with edges that are parallel with andperpendicular to the glass fiber bundles in the X-Y matrix; andfabricating the substrate on the panel with edges of the substrate thatare disposed at non-zero and non-ninety degree angles with respect tothe edges of the panel.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein then substratein step (A) with edges that are disposed at non-zero and non-ninetydegree angles with respect to the X-Y matrix of glass fiber bundles isfabricated by performing the steps of: fabricating a panel with edgesthat are disposed at non-zero and non-ninety degree angles with respectto the glass fiber bundles in the X-Y matrix; and fabricating thesubstrate on the panel with edges of the substrate that are parallel toand perpendicular to the edges of the panel.
 12. The method of claim 7wherein the angle is computed asArc Sin(D/Pv) where D is the diameter of one of the component contacts;and Pv is vertical distance between adjacent component contacts.
 13. Themethod of claim 7 wherein the angle is computed asArc Cos(D/Sqrt(Pv²+Ph²))+Arc Tan(Pv/Ph)−90° where D is the diameter ofone of the component contacts; Pv is vertical distance between adjacentcomponent contacts; and Ph is the horizontal distance between adjacentcomponent contacts.
 14. The method of claim 7 wherein the angle isselected to lie between the following two computed angles:Arc Sin(D/Pv); andArc Cos(D/Sqrt(Pv²+Ph²))+Arc Tan(Pv/Ph)−90° where D is the diameter ofone of the component contacts; Pv is vertical distance between adjacentcomponent contacts; and Ph is the horizontal distance between adjacentcomponent contacts.